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practitioner > Chapter 16 > HM Land Registry
1. Inspection of the Land Registers In addition to the land registers, which are indexed by title number, H.M.Land Registry maintains an Index of the Proprietors Names (IOPN). A search of the IOPN will produce a list of title numbers registered in the name given - though it will not take account of applications pending registration. Although the registers are open to the public documents, the IOPN is not, nor are any of the historic papers held at the Registry, other than those which are referred to on the registers. Under Rule 6 of the Land Registration (Open Registers) Rules 1991, a trustee in bankruptcy or liquidator can apply for a search of the IOPN or of any registers and supporting documents. Application is made on Form 112B. In addition the Registrar may exercise his/her discretion to allow access to historic documents on any titles where the debtor is registered as the proprietor or where the debtor/company has recently parted with its interest. Any requests for documents must be made to the district land registry for the area in which the property is located (and not necessarily the closest to it geographically). Practitioners should specify the requisite documents, explain the reason for the request, and provide evidence of their appointment. The Registry is unable to undertake a general search through its files to ascertain if there are relevant documents in a particular case. H.M. Land Registry Procedure on Personal Insolvency The Land Charges Department is notified of all bankruptcies petitioned, and all orders made. A daily list of affected land registry titles that appear is then prepared. Practitioners should check that entries relating to the bankruptcy petition or order have been made by the Registry, particularly where scant information was available at the time. Where the bankrupt jointly owns land, the title will remain registered in the names of the bankrupt and the co-owner(s). The Trustee may register a restriction or caution over the land to protect the creditors’ interest. The trustee may apply to be registered in place of a bankrupt sole proprietor. The application to register the trustee, or a buyer from the trustee, will need supporting evidence of the trustee's appointment, and a certificate to confirm that the land is comprised in the bankrupt's estate. Similarly, on a disclaimer the applicant should certify that the appropriate notices have been served When a bankruptcy order is discharged, the trustee may need to transfer the title back to the debtor. Merely consenting to the removal of the bankruptcy entries would not be sufficient. Land Registry Procedures on Corporate Insolvency Unlike bankruptcy, there is no machinery for automatically recording when a corporate proprietor of land, or a charge over land goes into liquidation. A liquidator has wide powers to deal with a company’s property, which normally remains registered in the name of the company and, if jointly owned, of any co-owner(s). Where the liquidator, or a buyer from him, does apply to become the registered proprietor in place of the company, the application should be supported by evidence of the liquidation, the appointment, and any requisite resolutions. Similarly, on a disclaimer the applicant should certify that the appropriate notices have been served. Land Registry Guidance H.M. Land Registry publishes a variety of leaflets explaining its procedures. Practice Advice Leaflet No 10 deals with Personal Insolvency and Practice Advice Leaflet No 11 deals with corporate insolvency issues. Copies of these and other leaflets are available from any District Land Registry or through the Registry website on www.landreg.gov.uk. Practitioners are reminded that this article does not cover the Land Charges Registry, based in Plymouth, which holds information on unregistered land. (First Published in Dear IP no. 6, February 1988) 2.
Registration of restrictions at the Land Registry in the case of a sole
proprietor The
Land Registry has asked that the following information be provided to
insolvency practitioners dealing with the bankruptcy estate of a sole
proprietor of registered land where a bankruptcy restriction has been
entered and the trustee in bankruptcy seeks to register a further
restriction in his/her favour. The
following abbreviations apply “LRA
2002” means the
Land Registration Act 2002, and “LRR
2003” means the
Land Registration Rules 2003. “IA
1986” means the
Insolvency Act 1986 1.
In the absence of some other express statutory authority, a
restriction must appear to the Registrar to be necessary or desirable
for at least one of the three purposes set out in LRA 2002, s. 42(1).
This is so whether or not the applicant is the registered proprietor, or
a person entitled to be registered as such, or a person applying on the
basis that he has a sufficient interest in the entry under LRA 2002, s.
43(1)(c). 2.
As soon as practicable after registration of a bankruptcy order
under the Land Charges Act 1972, the Registrar must enter a bankruptcy
restriction in the register of any affected registered estate or charge
(LRA 2002, s. 86(4)). This means a registered estate or charge of which
the bankrupt is sole registered proprietor (s.283(3)(a) IA 1986).
The restriction is to reflect the effect of the Insolvency Act
1986 and is prescribed by LRR 2003, r. 166. The restriction
provides “BANKRUPTCY
RESTRICTION entered under section 86(4) of the Land Registration Act
2002, as the title of [the proprietor of the registered estate] or [the
proprietor of the charge dated….referred to above] appears to be
affected by a bankruptcy order made by the [name] Court (Court Reference
Number….) against [name of debtor] (Land Charges Reference Number WO….) [No
disposition of the registered estate] or [No disposition of the charge]
is to be registered until the trustee in bankruptcy of the property of
the bankrupt is registered as proprietor of the [registered estate] or
[charge]” 3.
LRA 2002, s. 86(5) provides that, in the circumstances set out,
the trustee in bankruptcy’s title to the bankrupt proprietor’s
registered estate is void against a purchaser. One of these conditions
is that there is no notice or restriction in the register entered under
LRA 2002, s. 86. Entry of the restriction set out in 2. above,
therefore, is necessary to ensure that the trustee’s interest is
sufficiently protected. 4.
The standard bankruptcy restriction, set out in 2. above,
prevents the proprietor from unlawfully disposing of the registered
estate. A modified form J restriction, form N or, indeed, any other form
of restriction, is neither desirable nor necessary for preventing such a
disposal, as the bankruptcy restriction already fulfils this function.
Accordingly, LRA 2002, s. 42(1)(a) does not apply. 5.
It also follows that no additional restriction is necessary or
desirable under LRA 2002, s. 42(1)(c) because the existing form of
restriction protects the trustee’s interest (and does so more
effectively than either a modified form J or form N restriction).
No disposition can be registered until the trustee in bankruptcy
is himself registered as proprietor. In fact, the modified form J and
form N restriction are inappropriate since the effect of the bankruptcy
is to prevent the bankrupt proprietor from making any dispositions of
the registered estate regardless of whether notice is given to the
trustee, or he consents (see, for example, IA 1986, s. 284). 6.
As explained above, the purpose of a restriction must fall within
LRA 2002, s. 42(1). It is not the purpose of a restriction to provide
information about who the trustee in bankruptcy is. The trustee may, of
course, apply for registration of himself as the proprietor (LRR 2003,
r. 168). Although the legal estate will vest in him in any event if he
is the first trustee (LRA 2002, s. 27(5)), this ensures that the
register shows the trustee’s address for service. 7.
Registration as the proprietor will, if the address for service
is kept up-to-date, ensure that the trustee is given notices, which
would ordinarily be served on the proprietor. Even were entry of a
modified form J or form N restriction possible, it would not ensure that
notice is given to the trustee in all the circumstances that would apply
if he were registered as proprietor. For example, the Registrar must
give the registered proprietor notice of the entry of a unilateral
notice or an application by an adverse possessor under paragraph 1 of
Schedule 6 to the Land Registration Act 2002, but he is not obliged to
give notice to a person who is just named in a restriction (LRA 2002, s.
35 and Sch. 6, para. 2(1)(a)). 8.
Some practitioners have commented that the trustee may not want
to register himself because this may result in him becoming personally
liable “if the legal interest is transferred”. However, under IA
1986, s. 306, the bankrupt’s estate vests in the trustee upon his
appointment (or, in the case of the Official Receiver, on his becoming
trustee). Moreover, under LRA 2002, s. 27(5), the lack of registration
in his own name will not prevent the first trustee from holding the
legal estate. Practitioners have commented that registration may not be
a satisfactory option “where there is a secured lender who may object
to the transfer”. However, since the transfer has already taken place
(on the appointment of the trustee) it is difficult to see how such an
objection could be sustained. Moreover, the transfer will not be caught
by standard form restrictions, such as form P, because the transfer is
by operation of law and not by the proprietor of the registered estate. 9.
Practitioners have also put forward the view that the entry of a
restriction in a modified form J, or form N, which expressly refers to
the named trustee in bankruptcy, is desirable because otherwise the
trustee will only get to hear about dispositions of the registered
estate via the Official Receiver, which may prejudice the trustee’s
position. However, this ignores the extent and nature of the standard
bankruptcy restriction, which prevents registration of dispositions of
the registered estate by the registered proprietor (unless the Official
Receiver/trustee is registered as proprietor). An application to
register any disposition of the registered estate by the trustee or
Official Receiver must be supported by evidence that the registered
estate vests in the Official Receiver or trustee, as the case may be,
before the Registrar will give effect to it in the register. Should the
Registrar give effect to a transfer by the Official Receiver or the
trustee where the registered estate does not, in fact, vest in him or
where he was not entitled to be registered as proprietor, then there
would be a mistake in the register and indemnity may be payable under
LRA 2002, s. 103 and Sch. 8. 10.
The circumstances in which Land Registry will cancel a standard
bankruptcy restriction are limited. Land Registry may cancel the
restriction if an office copy of a court order that expressly rescinds
or annuls the bankruptcy order accompanies the application. The order
must expressly authorise the cancellation of the Land Charges
registration as a writ or order under a specified reference number,
which agrees with that set out in the bankruptcy restriction. Land
Registry may also cancel a bankruptcy restriction if it registers the
trustee or Official Receiver as the proprietor or gives effect to a
transfer by them or a chargee exercising his power of sale where the
charge was registered before the entry of the bankruptcy notice or
restriction or was created before the bankruptcy proceedings. 11.
It will not cancel the bankruptcy restriction on presentation of
a certificate of discharge or an order that, whilst requiring the
vacation of the land charge, does not expressly annul or rescind the
bankruptcy order. For more information about the cancellation of the
bankruptcy restriction, refer to Land Registry’s Practice Guide 34, in
particular paragraph 4. 12.
Practitioners have argued that a restriction in a modified form J
or form N is necessary or desirable because the Official Receiver may
not give notice of the bankrupt’s application to court. Presumably,
given the above, the concern is that the bankrupt may obtain a court
order annulling the bankruptcy order and procure the cancellation of the
bankruptcy restriction without the trustee’s knowledge. However, entry
of a restriction in a modified form J or form N will not ensure that the
trustee receives notice of an application to the court. Rather, the
debtor must give notice to the Official Receiver and to the trustee
(Insolvency Rules 1986 SI 1986 No. 1925, r. 6.206(4)). If the
application is made on the basis that all of the debts have been paid,
the trustee must file a report. Moreover, the trustee is to attend the
hearing (r. 6.210). In most, if not all, cases, the appointment of the
trustee will be recorded at court (for example, under r. 6.120(5)). 13.
It would seem that the risk of the court making an order for
annulment of the bankruptcy order without the trustee’s knowledge is
more theoretical than real. However, registration of the trustee as the
proprietor would give the trustee much greater protection than a
modified form J or form N restriction (which would also be vulnerable to
cancellation in the event of the bankruptcy order being annulled). The
order annulling the bankruptcy order may make express provision about
the vesting of the bankrupt’s estate. Registration in the trustee’s
name would make his interest clearer to the court when it is considering
the terms of such an order. Any enquiries regarding the above should be directed towards HOCustomerServicesGroup@landregistry.gsi.gov.uk or the Customer Services Team on 020 7166 4394. Any enquiries regarding a particular application should be addressed to the Land Registry Local Office handling that application. 3.
Application for change of address at Land Registry in the case of a sole
proprietor Land Registry
has informed the Insolvency Service that although trustees in bankruptcy
are entitled to be registered as the proprietor of a property, which has
vested in them, occasionally some choose to apply to amend or add to the
address for service of the bankrupt proprietor instead. This is done to
ensure they are made aware of any dealings in the property. Land Registry
has informed us that this practice is not specifically permitted under
the Land Registration Rules 2003 and as such they will no longer accept
any applications to amend or add to the address for service of the
bankrupt by trustees. Any
enquiries regarding this article should be directed towards Alison
Parine, Policy Unit, Area 5.7, 21 Bloomsbury Street, London, WC1B 3QW;
telephone: 020 7637 6365 email: alison.parine@insolvency.gov.uk General enquiries may be directed
to Policy.unit@insolvency.gov.uk;
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